Introduction

Albendazole might sound like a complex, scientific term, but understanding it could be crucial, especially if you’re dealing with parasitic infections. So, what exactly is Albendazole? Simply put, it’s a medication widely used to treat a variety of parasitic worm infestations. From pinworms to tapeworms, Albendazole is a go-to solution in many parts of the world. Understanding how it works, its uses, side effects, and more can empower you to make informed decisions about your health.

Indication of Albendazole

Treatment of Parasitic Infections
Albendazole is primarily used to treat infections caused by various parasitic worms. These include:

Ascariasis (roundworms)
Hookworm infections
Enterobiasis (pinworms)
Trichuriasis (whipworms)
Taeniasis (tapeworms)
Strongyloidiasis

Use in Veterinary Medicine

In veterinary medicine, Albendazole is used to treat similar parasitic infections in animals. It’s a common deworming agent for livestock, ensuring the health and productivity of farm animals.

Off-Label Uses

Albendazole is sometimes used off-label for conditions like giardiasis, a parasitic disease affecting the intestines, and for the prevention of parasitic infections in immunocompromised individuals.

Doses of Albendazole

Adult Dose

Oral :

Ancylostoma, Ascariasis, Hookworm, Trichostrongylus, Enterobius( pinworm) : 400 mg PO once as a single dose.

Tapeworm infections:

Adult: 400 mg daily on an empty stomach for 3 consecutive days.

Max: 400 mg daily; 1200 mg for 3 days. If patient is not cure after 3 weeks, a second course of treatment is need. In cases of hymenolepis nana infestations, retreatment in 10- 21 days is recommend.

Strogyloidiasis or taeniasis – 400 mg once daily for three consecutive days.

Giardiasis – 400 mg once daily for five days.

Hydatid disease (Echinococcosis)

Adult: <60kg: 15mg/kg daily in 2 divided doses. Max: 800 mg/day

>60 kg: 400 mg did

Admin dose for three 28-day cycles with a 14-day drug-free interval each cycle.

Neurocysticercosis

Adult:

<60 kg: 15 mg/kg daily in 2 divided doses (max: 800 mg/day) for 8-30 days.

>60 kg: 400 mg bid for 8-30 days.

Larva Migrans, Cutaneous and Trichuriasis

400 mg PO qday x 3 days

Larva Migrans, Visceral

400 mg PO bid x 5 days

Fluke (Clonorchis sinensis)

10 mg/kg PO qday x 7 days

Gnathostomiasis, Microsporidiosis

400 mg BID x 21 days

Child doses

Usually PO 15 mg/kg/day (Max 800 mg/day) q 12h

Oral

Ascariasis, Enterobiasis, Trichuriasis, Hookworm infections

Child: 1-2 years 200 mg as a single dose. Or 5 ml suspension (max 200mg)

Tapeworm infections

Child: >2 years: 400 mg daily on an empty stomach for 3 consecutive days. Maximum 400 mg daily; 1200 mg for 3 days.

If patient is not cure after 3 weeks, a second course of treatment is need.

In cases of hymenolepis nana infestations retreatment in 10-21 days is recommend.

Side Effects of Albendazole

Common Side Effects

Like any medication, Albendazole comes with potential side effects. Common ones include:

  • Nausea and vomiting
  • Abdominal pain
  • Headache
  • Dizziness

Serious Side Effects

Serious side effects are rare but can occur. These include:

  • Liver toxicity
  • Bone marrow suppression
  • Severe allergic reactions

Long-Term Effects

Long-term use of Albendazole can potentially lead to liver damage and other serious health issues. Regular monitoring by a healthcare provider is recommended for individuals on prolonged treatment.

Administration

Should be taken with food.

Contraindication of Albendazole

Hypersensitivity

Individuals with a known hypersensitivity or allergy to Albendazole or any of its components should avoid using this medication. Allergic reactions can range from mild skin rashes to severe anaphylactic reactions.

Pregnancy

Albendazole is contraindicated during pregnancy, especially in the first trimester. It can cause harm to the developing fetus, leading to potential birth defects. Women of childbearing age should ensure they are not pregnant before starting treatment and should use effective contraception during and for one month after the treatment.

Severe Liver Disease

Patients with severe liver impairment or liver disease should avoid Albendazole. The drug is metabolized in the liver, and impaired liver function can lead to increased drug levels in the blood, raising the risk of severe side effects and toxicity.

Bone Marrow Suppression

Albendazole can cause bone marrow suppression, leading to decreased white blood cells, red blood cells, and platelets. Patients with pre-existing bone marrow suppression or blood disorders should avoid using Albendazole.

Co-administration with Certain Medications

Albendazole should be used cautiously or avoided in patients taking other medications that can interact adversely with it. For example, drugs like cimetidine, praziquantel, and dexamethasone can alter Albendazole’s metabolism and increase the risk of side effects.

Prior Severe Adverse Reactions

Patients who have previously experienced severe adverse reactions to Albendazole should not be re-treated with the drug.

Children Under Age Two

Albendazole is generally not recommended for children under two years of age unless specifically directed by a healthcare provider, as its safety and efficacy in this age group have not been well established.

Precautions and Warnings

Monitor blood counts and liver function. Administer within 7 days of start of normal menstruation in women of childbearing age. Adequate nonhormonal contraceptive measures must be taken during and for 1 month after therapy. Perform liver function tests and blood counts before and every 2 weeks during high dose therapy of hydatid disease.

Lactation: Unknown, use caution.

Pregnancy and Breastfeeding

Albendazole is not recommended during pregnancy, especially in the first trimester, due to potential risks to the fetus. It is also advised to avoid breastfeeding while on Albendazole.

Pregnancy category – C

Animal reproduction studies have shown an adverse effect on the fetus and there are no adequate and well-controlled studies in humans, but potential benefits may warrant use of the drug in pregnant women despite potential risks.

Lactation: Unknown, use caution.

Therapeutic class

Anti-helminthic

Albendazole Mode of action

Albendazole causes degenerative alterations in the tegument and intestinal cells of the worm by diminishing its energy production, ultimately leading to immobilization and death of the parasite. It works by binding to the colchicine-sensitive site of tubulin, thus inhibiting its polymerization or assembly into microtubules. As cytoplasmic microtubules are critical in promoting glucose uptake in larval and adult stages of the susceptible parasites. The glycogen stores of the parasites are deplete. Degenerative changes in the endoplasmic reticulum. The mitochondria of the germinal layer. And the subsequent release of lysosomes result in decrease production of adenosine triphosphate (ATP). Which is the energy require for the survival of the helminth.

Drug interaction

Albendazole can interact with other medications, including:

  • Cimetidine
  • Dexamethasone
  • Praziquantel

These interactions can affect how Albendazole works or increase the risk of side effects.

FAQs

What is Albendazole use for?

Albendazole is using to treat a variety of parasitic worm infestations, including roundworms, hookworms, pinworms, whipworms, and tapeworms.

How should I take Albendazole?

Albendazole should be take with food to enhance absorption. Follow the dosage and schedule prescribed by your healthcare provider.

What are the side effects of Albendazole?

Common side effects include nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, headache, and dizziness. Serious side effects, such as liver toxicity and bone marrow suppression, are rare.

Can I take Albendazole during pregnancy?

Albendazole is not recommend during pregnancy, especially in the first trimester, due to potential risks to the fetus.

How effective is Albendazole against different parasites?

Albendazole is highly effective against a broad range of parasites, including intestinal and some tissue-dwelling parasites. Its effectiveness can vary based on the type of parasite and the presence of drug resistance.

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